diff --git a/backend/Dockerfile b/backend/Dockerfile
index a76c832..9321979 100644
--- a/backend/Dockerfile
+++ b/backend/Dockerfile
@@ -3,11 +3,22 @@ FROM python:3.12-slim-bookworm
 ENV PYTHONDONTWRITEBYTECODE=1 PYTHONUNBUFFERED=1 PYTHONPATH=/app
 WORKDIR /app
 COPY --from=ghcr.io/astral-sh/uv:latest /uv /bin/uv
+
+RUN apt-get update && apt-get install -y --no-install-recommends \
+    curl \
+    ca-certificates \
+    gcc \
+    g++ \
+    python3-dev \
+    build-essential \
+    && rm -rf /var/lib/apt/lists/*
+
 COPY common ./common
 COPY backend ./backend
 COPY alembic.ini ./
 COPY migrations ./migrations
-RUN uv pip install --system ./common ./backend
+COPY pyproject.toml uv.lock ./
+RUN UV_DEFAULT_INDEX="https://pypi.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/simple/" uv sync --frozen --no-dev --no-editable --package backend
 
 EXPOSE 8000
-CMD ["uvicorn", "backend.main:app", "--host", "0.0.0.0", "--port", "8000"]
+CMD ["gunicorn", "--config", "backend/gunicorn.conf.py", "backend.main:app"]
diff --git a/backend/gunicorn.conf.py b/backend/gunicorn.conf.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..a326fea
--- /dev/null
+++ b/backend/gunicorn.conf.py
@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+"""Gunicorn configuration for the backend service.
+
+All values can be overridden with GUNICORN_* environment variables.
+"""
+
+import os
+
+bind = os.getenv("GUNICORN_BIND", "0.0.0.0:8000")
+workers = int(os.getenv("GUNICORN_WORKERS", "1"))
+worker_class = "uvicorn.workers.UvicornWorker"
+timeout = int(os.getenv("GUNICORN_TIMEOUT", "120"))
+graceful_timeout = int(os.getenv("GUNICORN_GRACEFUL_TIMEOUT", "30"))
+accesslog = "-"
+errorlog = "-"
diff --git a/backend/pyproject.toml b/backend/pyproject.toml
index b482af6..e15b90d 100644
--- a/backend/pyproject.toml
+++ b/backend/pyproject.toml
@@ -10,11 +10,16 @@ dependencies = [
     "croniter==6.2.4",
     "alembic==1.18.5",
     "cryptography==49.0.0",
+    "gunicorn>=26.0.0",
 ]
 
 [tool.uv.sources]
 common = { workspace = true }
 
+[[tool.uv.index]]
+url = "https://pypi.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/simple/"
+default = true
+
 
 [build-system]
 requires = ["hatchling"]
diff --git a/runtime/Dockerfile b/runtime/Dockerfile
index 0d7cee2..cbb2f85 100644
--- a/runtime/Dockerfile
+++ b/runtime/Dockerfile
@@ -20,9 +20,8 @@ RUN apt-get update && apt-get install -y --no-install-recommends \
 
 COPY pyproject.toml uv.lock ./
 COPY common ./common
-COPY contracts ./contracts
 COPY runtime ./runtime
 RUN UV_DEFAULT_INDEX="https://pypi.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/simple/" uv sync --frozen --no-dev --no-editable --package runtime
 
 EXPOSE 8000
-CMD ["uv", "run", "--frozen", "--package", "runtime", "uvicorn", "runtime.main:app", "--host", "0.0.0.0", "--port", "8000"]
+CMD ["uv", "run", "--frozen", "--package", "runtime", "gunicorn", "--config", "runtime/gunicorn.conf.py", "runtime.main:app"]
diff --git a/runtime/gunicorn.conf.py b/runtime/gunicorn.conf.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..48f42d4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/runtime/gunicorn.conf.py
@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+"""Gunicorn configuration for the runtime service.
+
+Workers MUST stay at 1: file leases and Jupyter tickets live in
+in-memory process state, so a second worker would split that state.
+"""
+
+import os
+
+bind = os.getenv("GUNICORN_BIND", "0.0.0.0:8000")
+workers = int(os.getenv("GUNICORN_WORKERS", "1"))
+worker_class = "uvicorn.workers.UvicornWorker"
+timeout = int(os.getenv("GUNICORN_TIMEOUT", "120"))
+graceful_timeout = int(os.getenv("GUNICORN_GRACEFUL_TIMEOUT", "30"))
+accesslog = "-"
+errorlog = "-"
diff --git a/runtime/pyproject.toml b/runtime/pyproject.toml
index 3aa3113..0073dec 100644
--- a/runtime/pyproject.toml
+++ b/runtime/pyproject.toml
@@ -9,11 +9,16 @@ dependencies = [
     "httpx==0.28.1",
     "loguru==0.7.2",
     "notebook",
+    "gunicorn>=26.0.0",
 ]
 
 [tool.uv.sources]
 common = { workspace = true }
 
+[[tool.uv.index]]
+url = "https://pypi.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/simple/"
+default = true
+
 [build-system]
 requires = ["hatchling"]
 build-backend = "hatchling.build"
diff --git a/schedule/Dockerfile b/schedule/Dockerfile
index c88ed6c..00dfc3d 100644
--- a/schedule/Dockerfile
+++ b/schedule/Dockerfile
@@ -2,11 +2,21 @@ FROM python:3.12-slim-bookworm
 
 ENV PYTHONDONTWRITEBYTECODE=1 PYTHONUNBUFFERED=1 PYTHONPATH=/app
 WORKDIR /app
+
+RUN apt-get update && apt-get install -y --no-install-recommends \
+    curl \
+    ca-certificates \
+    gcc \
+    g++ \
+    python3-dev \
+    build-essential \
+    && rm -rf /var/lib/apt/lists/* \
+
 COPY --from=ghcr.io/astral-sh/uv:latest /uv /bin/uv
+COPY pyproject.toml uv.lock ./
 COPY common ./common
 COPY schedule ./schedule
-COPY contracts ./contracts
 RUN UV_DEFAULT_INDEX="https://pypi.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/simple/" uv sync --frozen --no-dev --no-editable --package schedule
 
 EXPOSE 8000
-CMD ["uv", "run", "uvicorn", "schedule.main:app", "--host", "0.0.0.0", "--port", "8000"]
+CMD ["uv", "run", "--frozen", "--package", "schedule", "gunicorn", "--config", "schedule/gunicorn.conf.py", "schedule.main:app"]
diff --git a/schedule/gunicorn.conf.py b/schedule/gunicorn.conf.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..8f2ca9e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/schedule/gunicorn.conf.py
@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+"""Gunicorn configuration for the schedule service.
+
+Workers MUST stay at 1: the embedded APScheduler and the Outbox
+poller must not run twice in the same container.
+"""
+
+import os
+
+bind = os.getenv("GUNICORN_BIND", "0.0.0.0:8000")
+workers = int(os.getenv("GUNICORN_WORKERS", "1"))
+worker_class = "uvicorn.workers.UvicornWorker"
+# 0 disables gunicorn worker heartbeat timeout — needed because
+# NodeExecutor runs notebooks synchronously.
+timeout = int(os.getenv("GUNICORN_TIMEOUT", "0"))
+graceful_timeout = int(os.getenv("GUNICORN_GRACEFUL_TIMEOUT", "30"))
+accesslog = "-"
+errorlog = "-"
diff --git a/schedule/pyproject.toml b/schedule/pyproject.toml
index b116545..ec08d53 100644
--- a/schedule/pyproject.toml
+++ b/schedule/pyproject.toml
@@ -12,11 +12,16 @@ dependencies = [
     "nbclient==0.10.2",
     "nbformat==5.10.4",
     "ipykernel==6.29.5",
+    "gunicorn>=26.0.0",
 ]
 
 [tool.uv.sources]
 common = { workspace = true }
 
+[[tool.uv.index]]
+url = "https://pypi.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/simple/"
+default = true
+
 
 [build-system]
 requires = ["hatchling"]
diff --git a/uv.lock b/uv.lock
index 0460157..cd7c8f2 100644
--- a/uv.lock
+++ b/uv.lock
@@ -198,6 +198,7 @@ dependencies = [
     { name = "croniter" },
     { name = "cryptography" },
     { name = "fastapi" },
+    { name = "gunicorn" },
     { name = "httpx" },
     { name = "uvicorn", extra = ["standard"] },
 ]
@@ -209,6 +210,7 @@ requires-dist = [
     { name = "croniter", specifier = "==6.2.4" },
     { name = "cryptography", specifier = "==49.0.0" },
     { name = "fastapi", specifier = "==0.116.1" },
+    { name = "gunicorn", specifier = ">=26.0.0" },
     { name = "httpx", specifier = "==0.28.1" },
     { name = "uvicorn", extras = ["standard"], specifier = "==0.35.0" },
 ]
@@ -690,6 +692,18 @@ wheels = [
     { url = "https://pypi.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/packages/93/e8/65e8707d00fe2a49bf12f609a9b2b39ba6dd23c2810eacad877c4fc94bfe/greenlet-3.5.4-cp315-cp315t-win_arm64.whl", hash = "sha256:08fc36de8442d5c3e95b044550dbea9bf144d31ec0cc58e36fb241cb6ef6a994", size = 250538, upload-time = "2026-07-22T11:40:17.985Z" },
 ]
 
+[[package]]
+name = "gunicorn"
+version = "26.0.0"
+source = { registry = "https://pypi.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/simple/" }
+dependencies = [
+    { name = "packaging" },
+]
+sdist = { url = "https://pypi.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/packages/6d/b7/a4a3f632f823e432ce6bc65f62961b7980c898c77f075a2f7118cb3846fe/gunicorn-26.0.0.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:ca9346f85e3a4aeeb64d491045c16b9a35647abd37ea15efe53080eb8b090baf", size = 727286, upload-time = "2026-05-05T06:38:25.529Z" }
+wheels = [
+    { url = "https://pypi.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/packages/e6/40/9c2384fc2be4ad25dd4a49decd5ad9ea5a3639814c11bd40ab77cb9f0a14/gunicorn-26.0.0-py3-none-any.whl", hash = "sha256:40233d26a5f0d1872916188c276e21641155111c2853f0c2cd55260aec0d24fc", size = 212009, upload-time = "2026-05-05T06:38:23.007Z" },
+]
+
 [[package]]
 name = "h11"
 version = "0.16.0"
@@ -1864,6 +1878,7 @@ source = { editable = "runtime" }
 dependencies = [
     { name = "common" },
     { name = "fastapi" },
+    { name = "gunicorn" },
     { name = "httpx" },
     { name = "loguru" },
     { name = "notebook" },
@@ -1874,6 +1889,7 @@ dependencies = [
 requires-dist = [
     { name = "common", editable = "common" },
     { name = "fastapi", specifier = "==0.116.1" },
+    { name = "gunicorn", specifier = ">=26.0.0" },
     { name = "httpx", specifier = "==0.28.1" },
     { name = "loguru", specifier = "==0.7.2" },
     { name = "notebook" },
@@ -1900,6 +1916,7 @@ dependencies = [
     { name = "apscheduler" },
     { name = "common" },
     { name = "fastapi" },
+    { name = "gunicorn" },
     { name = "httpx" },
     { name = "ipykernel" },
     { name = "nbclient" },
@@ -1913,6 +1930,7 @@ requires-dist = [
     { name = "apscheduler", specifier = "==3.11.3" },
     { name = "common", editable = "common" },
     { name = "fastapi", specifier = "==0.116.1" },
+    { name = "gunicorn", specifier = ">=26.0.0" },
     { name = "httpx", specifier = "==0.28.1" },
     { name = "ipykernel", specifier = "==6.29.5" },
     { name = "nbclient", specifier = "==0.10.2" },